🦠 发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio)
流行病学常用指标：按新发病例数和观察人时求发病密度（每 1,000 或 100,000 人年）并给出 95 % 置信区间；按起始风险人群求累积发病率（风险）；或比较两组的发病率比 (IRR) 及其 95 % 置信区间。本地处理。Common epidemiology measures: the incidence rate from new cases and person-time (per 1,000 or 100,000 person-years) with a 95 % confidence interval, cumulative incidence (risk) from the population at risk, or the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of two groups with its 95 % CI. Processed locally.
使用说明与常见问题How-to & FAQ
「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」是什么？What is the Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) tool?
流行病学常用指标：按新发病例数和观察人时求发病密度（每 1,000 或 100,000 人年）并给出 95 % 置信区间；按起始风险人群求累积发病率（风险）；或比较两组的发病率比 (IRR) 及其 95 % 置信区间。本地处理。Common epidemiology measures: the incidence rate from new cases and person-time (per 1,000 or 100,000 person-years) with a 95 % confidence interval, cumulative incidence (risk) from the population at risk, or the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of two groups with its 95 % CI. Processed locally.
如何使用「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」？How do I use the Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) tool?
在「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」中，填写「指标」、「新发病例」、「观察人时（人年）」、「起始风险人群」、「表示为每」等参数，结果会随输入实时计算并显示在下方。In the Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio): Fill in "Measure", "New cases", "Person-time (person-years)", "Population at risk at start", "Express per"; results are recalculated instantly as you type.
发病率和累积发病率有什么区别？How do incidence rate and cumulative incidence differ?
发病率（发病密度）= 新发病例 ÷ 观察的人时总和，单位是“每人年”，适合随访时间不同的人群；累积发病率 = 新发病例 ÷ 起始时的风险人群，是一段时间内的发病风险（比例）。The incidence rate (density) is new cases / total person-time, per person-year, and suits follow-up of different lengths. Cumulative incidence is new cases / the population at risk at the start: the risk over a period.
置信区间怎么算？How are the confidence intervals calculated?
发病率用 Byar 对泊松计数的近似；累积发病率用 Wald 正态近似；率比用对数尺度 ln(IRR) ± 1.96 × √(1/a + 1/b)。病例很少时区间较宽，仅供参考。Rates use the Byar approximation for a Poisson count, cumulative incidence the Wald normal approximation, and the rate ratio ln(IRR) ± 1.96 × √(1/a + 1/b) on the log scale. With few cases the intervals are wide and approximate.
什么是人年？What is a person-year?
1 个人随访 1 年记为 1 人年。例如 100 人各随访 2 年，或 200 人各随访 1 年，都是 200 人年。One person followed for one year is one person-year: 100 people for 2 years or 200 people for 1 year both make 200 person-years.
能举个计算实例吗？Can you show a worked example?
例如在「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」中填 指标 = 人时发病率，新发病例 = 25，观察人时（人年） = 1000，表示为每 = 1,000，结果区显示：发病率：25 / 1,000 人年；95 % 置信区间（Byar）：16.1741 – 36.9067；每人年：0.025For example, entering Measure = Incidence rate (person-time), New cases = 25, Person-time (person-years) = 1000, Express per = 1,000 in the Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) gives: Incidence rate: 25 per 1,000 person-years; 95 % CI (Byar): 16.1741 – 36.9067; Per person-year: 0.025
哪些输入会被检查？Which inputs are validated?
「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」会检查这些输入——「新发病例」：必须填写，不能为负数；「观察人时（人年）」、「起始风险人群」、「对照组人时」：所选方式用到时必须填写，须大于 0；「对照组病例」：所选方式用到时必须填写，不能为负数；绝对值超过 10¹⁵ 的数也会被拒绝。不符合时结果区显示具体提示，不会给出数字。The Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) checks its inputs — "New cases": required, cannot be negative; "Person-time (person-years)", "Population at risk at start", "Comparison group person-time": required when the chosen option uses it, must be greater than 0; "Comparison group cases": required when the chosen option uses it, cannot be negative; numbers above 10¹⁵ in absolute value are rejected too. When a value fails, the result area names the problem instead of showing…
有哪些选项可以调整？What options can I adjust?
「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」的设置：「指标」可选 人时发病率、累积发病率、两组率比（默认 人时发病率）；「新发病例」默认 25；「观察人时（人年）」默认 1000；「起始风险人群」默认 1000；「表示为每」可选 100、1,000、10,000、100,000（默认 1,000）；「对照组病例」默认 10；「对照组人时」默认 1000。每次生成结果都按当前设置处理。Settings in the Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) — "Measure": Incidence rate (person-time), Cumulative incidence, Rate ratio of two groups (default Incidence rate (person-time)); "New cases" default 25; "Person-time (person-years)" default 1000; "Population at risk at start" default 1000; "Express per": 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000 (default 1,000); "Comparison group cases" default 10; "Comparison group person-time" default 1000. The result always uses the current…
结果可以代替医生的建议吗？Can this replace medical advice?
不能。「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」基于常用公式给出估算，个体差异较大，如有健康问题请咨询医生或专业人士。No. The Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) gives estimates from common formulas; individuals differ, so consult a doctor or professional for health decisions.
「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」免费吗？需要注册吗？Is the Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) free? Do I need an account?
「发病率计算器（人时发病率、累积发病率、率比）」完全免费，无需注册或安装，打开网页即可使用，手机和电脑都能用；输入的内容只在你的浏览器本地处理。The Incidence Rate Calculator (Person-Time Rate, Cumulative Incidence, Rate Ratio) is completely free with no sign-up or install and works on phones and desktops; what you enter is processed only in your browser.