🧬 等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator

使用说明与常见问题How-to & FAQ

「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」是什么？What is the Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator tool?

由 AA / Aa / aa 基因型计数算等位基因频率 p、q，给出 Hardy–Weinberg 平衡下的期望 p²、2pq、q²（频率和人数），并做卡方检验（自由度 1）。本地处理。Allele frequencies p and q from AA / Aa / aa genotype counts, the Hardy–Weinberg expected p², 2pq and q² (frequencies and counts), and a chi-square test (1 degree of freedom). Processed locally.

如何使用「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」？How do I use the Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator tool?

在「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」中，填写「AA 纯合个体数」、「Aa 杂合个体数」、「aa 纯合个体数」等参数，结果会随输入实时计算并显示在下方。In the Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator: Fill in "AA count", "Aa count", "aa count"; results are recalculated instantly as you type.

怎么计算？How is it calculated?

p =（2 × AA + Aa）÷（2N），q = 1 − p。Hardy–Weinberg 平衡下基因型频率应为 p²、2pq、q²，期望人数 = 频率 × N。p = (2 × AA + Aa) ÷ (2N) and q = 1 − p. Under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium the genotype frequencies are p², 2pq and q², and expected counts are those frequencies × N.

卡方检验怎么做？How is the chi-square test done?

χ² = Σ（观察 − 期望）² ÷ 期望，对三个基因型求和；因为 p 是从数据估计的，自由度为 3 − 1 − 1 = 1。P < 0.05 通常认为显著偏离平衡。任何期望人数小于 5 时近似不可靠。χ² = Σ (observed − expected)² ÷ expected over the three genotypes; because p is estimated from the data, there is 3 − 1 − 1 = 1 degree of freedom. P < 0.05 is usually taken as a significant departure. The approximation is unreliable when any expected count is below 5.

偏离平衡说明什么？What does a departure mean?

可能是选择、近亲交配、群体分层、迁移、样本量小或基因分型错误等，需要结合研究背景判断。It can reflect selection, inbreeding, population structure, migration, a small sample or genotyping errors — interpret it in the context of the study.

能举个计算实例吗？Can you show a worked example?

例如在「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」中填 AA 纯合个体数 = 40，Aa 杂合个体数 = 40，aa 纯合个体数 = 20，结果区显示：p（A 的频率）：0.6；q（a 的频率）：0.4；个体总数 N：100；期望 AA（p²）：0.36 → 36 人；期望 Aa（2pq）：0.48 → 48 人；期望 aa（q²）：0.16 → 16 人；观察到的基因型频率：0.4 / 0.4 / 0.2；卡方值 χ²（自由度 1）：2.7778；P 值：0.0956；结论（α = 0.05）：与 Hardy–Weinberg 平衡一致（P…For example, entering AA count = 40, Aa count = 40, aa count = 20 in the Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator gives: p (frequency of A): 0.6; q (frequency of a): 0.4; Total individuals N: 100; Expected AA (p²): 0.36 → 36 individuals; Expected Aa (2pq): 0.48 → 48 individuals; Expected aa (q²): 0.16 → 16 individuals; Observed genotype frequencies: 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.2; Chi-square…

哪些输入会被检查？Which inputs are validated?

「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」会检查这些输入——「AA 纯合个体数」：必须填写，不能为负数；「Aa 杂合个体数」、「aa 纯合个体数」：必须填写，不能为负数，须为整数；绝对值超过 10¹⁵ 的数也会被拒绝。不符合时结果区显示具体提示，不会给出数字。The Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator checks its inputs — "AA count": required, cannot be negative; "Aa count", "aa count": required, cannot be negative, must be a whole number; numbers above 10¹⁵ in absolute value are rejected too. When a value fails, the result area names the problem instead of showing a number.

有哪些选项可以调整？What options can I adjust?

「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」的设置：「AA 纯合个体数」默认 40；「Aa 杂合个体数」默认 40；「aa 纯合个体数」默认 20。每次生成结果都按当前设置处理。Settings in the Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator — "AA count" default 40; "Aa count" default 40; "aa count" default 20. The result always uses the current settings.

计算结果可以用于作业或工程吗？Can I use the results for homework or engineering?

「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」使用教科书标准公式（公式写在说明和常见问题中），适合学习和估算核对；涉及安全的工程设计请以规范和实测为准。The Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator uses standard textbook formulas (given in the description and FAQ), which is good for learning and checking estimates; for safety-critical engineering follow codes and measured values.

「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」免费吗？需要注册吗？Is the Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator free? Do I need an account?

「等位基因频率与 Hardy–Weinberg 检验」完全免费，无需注册或安装，打开网页即可使用，手机和电脑都能用；输入的内容只在你的浏览器本地处理。The Allele Frequency & Hardy–Weinberg Calculator is completely free with no sign-up or install and works on phones and desktops; what you enter is processed only in your browser.